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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 81(3): 263-270, Mar. 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1439448

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment option for refractory dystonia, but the improvement among the patients is variable. Objective To describe the outcomes of DBS of the subthalamic region (STN) in dystonic patients and to determine whether the volume of tissue activated (VTA) inside the STN or the structural connectivity between the area stimulated and different regions of the brain are associated with dystonia improvement. Methods The response to DBS was measured by the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFM) before and 7 months after surgery in patients with generalized isolated dystonia of inherited/idiopathic etiology. The sum of the two overlapping STN volumes from both hemispheres was correlated with the change in BFM scores to assess whether the area stimulated inside the STN affects the clinical outcome. Structural connectivity estimates between the VTA (of each patient) and different brain regions were computed using a normative connectome taken from healthy subjects. Results Five patients were included. The baseline BFM motor and disability subscores were 78.30 ± 13.55 (62.00-98.00) and 20.60 ± 7.80 (13.00-32.00), respectively. Patients improved dystonic symptoms, though differently. No relationships were found between the VTA inside the STN and the BFM improvement after surgery (p = 0.463). However, the connectivity between the VTA and the cerebellum structurally correlated with dystonia improvement (p = 0.003). Conclusions These data suggest that the volume of the stimulated STN does not explain the variance in outcomes in dystonia. Still, the connectivity pattern between the region stimulated and the cerebellum is linked to outcomes of patients.


Resumo Antecedentes A estimulação cerebral profunda (ECP) é um tratamento estabelecido para distonias refratárias. Porém, a melhora dos pacientes é variável. Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os desfechos da ECP da região do núcleo subtalâmico (NST) e determinar se o volume de tecido ativado (VTA) dentro do NST ou se a conectividade estrutural entre a área estimulada e diferentes regiões cerebrais estão associadas a melhora da distonia. Métodos A resposta da ECP em pacientes com distonia generalizada isolada de etiologia hereditária/idiopática foi mensurada pela escala de Burke-Fahr-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFM) antes e 7 meses após a cirurgia. A soma dos volumes do NST nos dois hemisférios foi correlacionada com a melhora nos escores do BFM para avaliar se a área estimulada dentro do NST afeta o desfecho clínico. A conectividade estrutural estimada entre o VTA de cada paciente e as diferentes regiões cerebrais foram computadas usando um conectoma normativo retirado de indivíduos saudáveis. Resultados Cinco pacientes com idade de 40,00 ± 7,30 anos foram incluídos. O BFM motor e de incapacidade basal eram de 78,30 ± 13,55 (62,00-98,00) e 20,60 ± 7,80 (13,00-32,00), respectivamente. Os pacientes melhoraram com a cirurgia, mas com variabilidade. Não houve relação entre o VTA dentro do NST e a melhora do BFM após a cirurgia (p = 0.463). Entretanto, a conectividade estrutural entre o VTA e o cerebelo correlacionaram com a melhora da distonia (p = 0.003). Conclusão Os dados sugerem que o VTA dentro do NST não explica a variabilidade do desfecho clínico na distonia. Porém, o padrão de conectividade entre a região estimulada e o cerebelo foi relacionada com o desfecho dos pacientes.

2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 78(12): 811-814, Dec. 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1142371

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The authors review the role of Jules Bernard Luys in the discovery of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) over 150 years ago. The relationships between the STN and movement disorders, particularly hemiballismus and Parkinson's disease, are well known. The academic life of Jules Bernard Luys can be divided into two periods: a brilliant start as a neuroanatomist, culminating in the discovery of the STN, followed by a second period marked by a shift in his academic activity and an increased interest in topics such as hysteria, hypnotism and, eventually, esotericism.


RESUMO Os autores revisam o papel de Jules Bernard Luys na descoberta do núcleo subtalâmico (NST) há mais de 150 anos. As relações da NST com distúrbios do movimento, em particular o hemibalismo e a doença de Parkinson, são bem conhecidas. A vida acadêmica de Jules Bernard Luys pode ser dividida em duas fases: a primeira, um brilhante começo de sua carreira como neuroanatomista, culminando na descoberta do NST, seguido por um segundo período marcado por uma mudança em sua atividade acadêmica, e maior interesse em tópicos como histeria, hipnotismo e finalmente esoterismo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease/therapy , Subthalamic Nucleus , Dyskinesias , Deep Brain Stimulation , Hypnosis , Hysteria
3.
Rev. medica electron ; 42(6): 2644-2658, nov.-dic. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1150044

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Parkinson según la Organización Mundial de Salud, en el año 2016, afectó una persona por cada 100 mayores de 60 años, siendo en cifras absolutas 6,3 millones de personas, y para el año 2030 serán aproximadamente 12 millones de personas en todo el mundo con dicha patología. Este desorden neurodegenerativo, caracterizado por la degradación nigro-estriatal y potenciación de la vía indirecta del circuito motor de los Ganglios Basales sumado al acúmulo de Cuerpos de Lewy en diversas estructuras del Sistema Nervioso Central, afecta progresiva e inevitablemente la calidad de vida de los pacientes, los procederes ablativos del núcleo subtalámico constituyen una alternativa que propicia efecto y seguridad probada en el control de los síntomas de esta enfermedad. Por lo cual se decide describir la ablación del Núcleo subtalámico como tratamiento de la Enfermedad de Parkinson avanzada (AU).


Summary According to the World Health Organization, in 2016 Parkinson's disease affected one person per every 100 people elder 60 years, meaning 6.3 millions of people, and by 2030 it will be around 12 million persons across the world. This neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the nigro-striatal degradation and potentiation of the indirect route of the basal ganglia motor circuit, added to the accumulation of Lewy bodies in several structures of the Central Nervous System, progressively and inevitably affects the life quality of patients. The ablative procedures of the subthalamic nucleus are an alternative that propitiates proven effect and safety in the control of this disease symptoms. Therefore, the authors decided to describe the subthalamic nucleus ablation as a treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease (AU).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Parkinson Disease/surgery , Subthalamic Nucleus/surgery , Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/diagnosis , Quality of Life , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Therapeutics/methods , Central Nervous System/abnormalities
4.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 78(4): 230-237, Apr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098083

ABSTRACT

Abstract Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is an established treatment that improves motor fluctuations, dyskinesia, and tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD). After the surgery, a careful electrode programming strategy and medical management are crucial, because an imbalance between them can compromise the quality of life over time. Clinical management is not straightforward and depends on several perioperative motor and non-motor symptoms. In this study, we review the literature data on acute medical management after STN DBS in PD and propose a clinical algorithm on medical management focused on the patient's phenotypic profile at the perioperative period. Overall, across the trials, the levodopa equivalent daily dose is reduced by 30 to 50% one year after surgery. In patients taking high doses of dopaminergic drugs or with high risk of impulse control disorders, an initial reduction in dopamine agonists after STN DBS is recommended to avoid the hyperdopaminergic syndrome, particularly hypomania. On the other hand, a rapid reduction of dopaminergic agonists of more than 70% during the first months can lead to dopaminergic agonist withdrawal syndrome, characterized by apathy, pain, and autonomic features. In a subset of patients with severe dyskinesia before surgery, an initial reduction in levodopa seems to be a more reasonable approach. Finally, when the patient's phenotype before the surgery is the severe parkinsonism (wearing-off) with or without tremor, reduction of the medication after surgery can be more conservative. Individualized medical management following DBS contributes to the ultimate therapy success.


Resumo A estimulação cerebral profunda do núcleo subtalâmico (ECP NST) é um tratamento estabelecido para doença de Parkinson (DP), que leva à melhora das flutuações motoras, da discinesia e do tremor. Após a cirurgia, deve haver uma estratégia cuidadosa de programação da estimulação e do manejo medicamentoso, pois um desequilíbrio entre eles pode comprometer a qualidade de vida. O gerenciamento clínico não é simples e depende de vários sintomas motores e não motores perioperatórios. Nesta revisão, discutimos os dados da literatura sobre o tratamento clínico agudo após a ECP NST na DP e propomos um algoritmo clínico baseado no perfil fenotípico do paciente no período perioperatório. Em geral, nos estudos clínicos, a dose diária equivalente de levodopa é reduzida em 30 a 50% um ano após a cirurgia. Em pacientes que recebem altas doses de medicações dopaminérgicas ou com alto risco de impulsividade, recomenda-se redução inicial do agonista dopaminérgico após a ECP NST, para evitar síndrome hiperdopaminérgica, particularmente a hipomania. Por outro lado, uma rápida redução de agonistas dopaminérgicos em mais de 70% durante os primeiros meses pode levar à síndrome de abstinência do agonista dopaminérgico, com apatia, dor e disautonomia. Em pacientes com discinesia grave antes da cirurgia, é recomendada redução inicial na dose de levodopa. Finalmente, quando o fenótipo do paciente antes da cirurgia é o parkinsonismo grave (flutuação motora) com ou sem tremor, a redução da medicação após a cirurgia deve ser mais conservadora. O tratamento médico individualizado após a ECP contribui para o sucesso final da terapia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease , Phenotype , Quality of Life , Levodopa , Treatment Outcome , Subthalamic Nucleus , Deep Brain Stimulation
5.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 13(4): 367-377, Oct.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056011

ABSTRACT

Abstract The impairments in cognitive functions such as memory, executive function, visuospatial skills and language in Parkinson's disease (PD) are drawing increasing attention in the current literature. Studies dedicated to investigating the relationship between subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) and cognitive functioning are contradictory. This systematic review aims to analyze the impact on the cognitive functioning of patients with PD and STN-DBS. Articles published in the 2007-2017 period were retrieved from the Medline/Pubmed databases using PRISMA criteria. The analysis of 27 articles revealed many conflicting results, precluding a consensus on a cognitive functioning standard and hampering the establishment of a neuropsychological profile for PD patients who underwent STN-DBS surgery. Further studies investigating this relationship are needed.


Resumo As deficiências nas funções cognitivas, como memória, função executiva, habilidades visuoespaciais e linguagem na doença de Parkinson (DP), estão cada vez mais chamando a atenção na literatura atual. Estudos dedicados a investigar a relação entre a estimulação cerebral profunda do núcleo subtalâmico (ECP-NST) e o funcionamento cognitivo são contraditórios. Esta revisão sistemática tem como objetivo analisar o impacto no funcionamento cognitivo de pacientes com DP e ECP-NST. Os artigos foram coletados nas bases de dados Medline / Pubmed publicadas no período de 2007-2017, utilizando os critérios do PRISMA. Após a análise de 27 artigos observou-se muitos resultados opostos, não sendo possível convencionar um padrão de funcionamento cognitivo o que dificulta o estabelecimento de um perfil neuropsicológico para pacientes com essa doença que foram submetidos à cirurgia de ECP-NST, sendo necessários mais estudos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease , Cognition , Subthalamic Nucleus , Deep Brain Stimulation
6.
Univ. psychol ; 15(spe5): 1-26, oct.-dic. 2016. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-963224

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es la patología neurodegenerativa motora con mayor incidencia a nivel mundial, cuyas causas aún no son claras. Actualmente no existe cura, pero es posible contar con diferentes tratamientos que permiten aliviar algunos de sus síntomas y enlentecer su curso. Debido a la gran cantidad de informaciones, en ocasiones contradictorias sobre los llamados "factores de riesgo" (entendidos éstos como situaciones que pueden exacerbar la posibilidad de aparición de la enfermedad, incluyendo desde la predisposición familiar hasta la exposición prolongada a substancias exógenas), en esta revisión se pretende ofrecer una panorámica actual sobre factores asociados a la aparición de EP Se revisan también algunos tratamientos que buscan contrarrestar la pérdida de la función dopaminérgica de la substancia nigra (SN) y algunas de las aproximaciones terapéuticas tanto farmacológicas, como por estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) o por implante celular. Se revisan también investigaciones sobre el potencial terapéutico de compuestos con alta especificidad a receptores colinérgicos (nAChRs) y antagonistas de receptores de adenosina, específicamente del subtipo A2A. Posiblemente durante las próximas décadas, nuestro conocimiento en epigenética pueda arrojar nuevas luces sobre esta interacción, así como sobre las relaciones entre ciertas líneas de microbios intestinales y aparición de EP. En este momento, la alternativa terapéutica que ofrece mayor eficacia es la ECP, sin embargo, a futuro se espera que el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de implante cerebral pueda ofrecer una cura real de la EP.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative motor pathology worldwide, the causes of which are still unclear. Currently there is no cure, but it is possible to have different treatments that allow to alleviate some of its symptoms and slow its course. Due to the large amount of information, sometimes contradictory, about the so-called "risk factors" (understood as situations that may exacerbate the possibility of the onset of the disease, from family predisposition to prolonged exposure to exogenous substances), in this review aims to provide a current overview of factors associated with the occurrence of PD. We also review some treatments that seek to counteract the loss of the dopaminergic function of the substance nigra (SN) and some of the therapeutic approaches both pharmacologically, by deep brain stimulation (DBS) or by cellular implantation. Also reviewed investigations on the therapeutic potential of compounds with high specificity to cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) and adenosine receptor antagonists, specifically the A2A subtype. Possibly, during the next decades, our knowledge in epigenetics may shed new light on this interaction, as well as on the relationships between certain lines of intestinal microbes and onset of PD. At this time, the most effective therapeutic alternative is DBS; however, in the future it is expected that the development of new brain implant strategies may offer a real cure for PD.

7.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 73(9): 779-783, Sept. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-757395

ABSTRACT

Nitric oxide (NO) is a major neurotransmitter associated with motor control in basal ganglia. Movement disorders, as essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease, are more prevalent on aged individuals. We investigated the effects of aging on neuronal density and diameter/area of nitrergic neurons in samples of striatum (caudate and putamen) and subthalamic nucleus of 20 human brains from normal subjects, stained by histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorase and immunohistochemistry for neuronal NO synthase. Our data showed aging does not modify the neuronal density and size of nitrergic neurons in striatum and subthalamic nucleus. These findings suggest a lack of association between aging and morphologic changes on nitrergic neurons.


O óxido nítrico (NO) é um importante neurotransmissor associado ao controle motor nos núcleos da base. Os distúrbios de movimento, como tremor essencial e a doença de Parkinson, são mais prevalentes em indivíduos idosos. Nós investigamos os efeitos do envelhecimento sobre a densidade neuronal e diâmetro/área dos neurônios nitrérgicos em amostras de estriado (caudado e putâmen) e núcleo subtalâmico de 20 encéfalos humanos de indivíduos normais, corados pela técnica histoquímica da NADPH-diaforase e imunohistoquímica para a sintase do NO neuronal. Nossos resultados mostraram que o envelhecimento não modifica a densidade neuronal e as dimensões dos neurônios nitrérgicos no estriado e núcleo subtalâmico. Estes achados sugerem uma falta de associação entre envelhecimento e mudanças morfológicas nos neurônios nitrérgicos.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Aging/physiology , Corpus Striatum , Nitrergic Neurons/physiology , Subthalamic Nucleus , Immunohistochemistry , NADPH Dehydrogenase/analysis
8.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 30(3): 143-148, jul.-sep. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-731686

ABSTRACT

La estimulación cerebral profunda del núcleo subtalámico es una terapia efectiva en el tratamientode los síntomas motores de la Enfermedad de Parkinson; sin embargo, el éxito de la terapia depende delprotocolo de selección de pacientes, de la exactitud en la implantación de los electrodos y de la programaciónde los mismos.Objetivo. Describir los resultados de un programa de cirugía funcional en Colombia.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal, en el que se describen los resultados deestimulación cerebral profunda realizada en una cohorte de 38 pacientes utilizando la escala UPDRS-III, loscambios en medicamentos y complicaciones luego de un año de seguimiento.Resultados: Se obtuvo disminución significativa del 51% en la severidad de la escala motora UPDRS-IIIdespués de cirugía en el estado On estimulación Off medicación un año después del procedimiento en comparaciónal estado Off medicación prequirúrgico. También hubo disminución significativa de las subescalasde temblor (-84%), rigidez (-70%), bradicinesia (-44%), marcha (-49%) y estabilidad postural (-73%). Huboempeoramiento leve no significativo del habla (8%). La dosis equivalente de levodopa se redujo en 64%, laprincipal complicación fue la confusión post-operatoria que se presentó en el 5,3%, dos pacientes.Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos, aplicando un protocolo estructurado en la selección de pacientes,cirugía y programación, están de acuerdo a los resultados descritos en la literatura médica, siendo estos factoresdeterminantes en la implementación de la terapia y en su justificación bajo el paradigma costo-efectividad...


Introduction: Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective therapy in the treatment ofParkinson’s disease’s motor symptoms. However, the success of the therapy depends on whether the patientfulfills the program’s protocol, on the accuracy in the implantation of the electrodes, and the programmingof the electrodes.Objective. To describe the results of a functional Neurosurgery program in Colombia.Materials and Methods: This is a observational cross-sectional study, where the results of deep brain stimulationperformed in a cohort of 38 patients using the UPDRS -III scale are described, as well as changesof levodopa equivalent doses and surgical complications after one year of follow up.Results: A 51% decrease in the severity of the UPDRS-III motor scale after surgery was obtained in the Onstimulation Off medication status one year after the procedure compared to the preoperative Off medicationstatus. There was also significant reduction in the subscales of tremor (-84%), stiffness (-70%), bradykinesia(-44%), gait (-49%) and balance (-73%). There was no significant speech worsening (8%)...


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease , Subthalamic Nucleus
9.
Rev. argent. neurocir ; 27(2): 67-71, jun. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-835712

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Describir la técnica estereotáxica de subtalamotomía por radiofrecuencia utilizando microrregistro intraoperatoriocon semimicroelectrodo.Descripción: Se detalla la técnica efectuada sobre 51 subtalamotomías desde el año 2011, en pacientes con diagnósticode Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) refractaria al tratamiento. La técnica quirúrgica consta de tres etapas: adquisición de lasimágenes estereotácticas, localización anatómo-funcional de blanco quirúrgico y lesión por radiofrecuencia de la regiónsensitivo-motora del núcleo. Se describe el método utilizado para la exploración de la somatotopía del NST que permite laposterior lesión, confiriendo seguridad y efectividad al procedimiento.Conclusión: La subtalamotomía constituye una técnica segura y efectiva realizada en grupos entrenados con los recursostécnicos necesarios, para el tratamiento de la EP refractario, constituyendo una alternativa adaptable a nuestro medio conel objetivo mejorar la calidad de vida.


Purpose: To describe the stereotaxic subthalamotomy technique with radiofrequency using intraoperative micro-recordingwith semimicroelectrodes.Description: We depict the surgical technique used in 51 lesions affecting the STN in cases of advanced Parkinson'sdisease from 2011. This technique consists of three stages: acquisition of stereotactic images, anatomofunctionallocalization of surgical target, and lesioning by means of radiofrequency of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). We also describethe method for the somatotopic exploration of the STN in its posterior part and its lesionConclusion: Subthalamotomy might be considered a safe surgical technique for the treatment of advanced Parkinson'sdisease symptoms. When performed by experienced surgical teams, it can result in a valid option for this group of patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease , Radio Waves , Subthalamic Nucleus
10.
Dement. neuropsychol ; 6(4): 260-265, oct.-dec. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-670617

ABSTRACT

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely used to control motor symptoms and improve quality of life inpatients with Parkinsons disease (PD). Recently, DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has become the preferred targetfor patients with mixed motor symptoms. Despite resultant motor and quality of life improvements, the procedure has beenassociated with cognitive decline, mainly in language skills, and also with psychiatric symptoms. Objective: To evaluatethe influence of DBS in the STN on cognition, mood and quality of life. Methods: We studied 20 patients with PD submittedto DBS in the STN from May 2008 to June 2012 with an extensive battery of cognitive tests including memory, language,praxis, executive functions and attention assessments; the Parkinsons Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ-39); and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), were applied both before and after the surgery. Data was analyze dusing SPSS version 17.0 and results compared using the paired Students test. Results: A total of 20 patients with preand post-operative assessments were included. A statistically significant improvement was found in total score and onsubscales of mobility, activities of daily living and emotional well-being from the PDQ-39 (P=0.009, 0.025, 0.001 and0.034, respectively). No significant difference was found on the cognitive battery or mood scale. Conclusion: DBS in theSNT improved quality of life in PD with no negative impact on cognitive skills and mood.


Estimulação cerebral profunda tem sido utilizada para controle das alterações motoras e melhorar qualidade devida dos pacientes com Doença de Parkinson (DP). Mais recentemente, DBS em núcleo subtalâmico (STN) tem sido o alvopreferencialmente escolhido para sintomas mistos. Apesar da melhora motora e da qualidade de vida, o procedimento temsido associado com declínio cognitivo, principalmente na linguagem e distúrbios psiquiátricos. Objetivo: Avaliar a influênciado DBS em NST na cognição, humor e qualidade de vida. Métodos: Nós estudamos 20 pacientes submetidos a DBS emNST no período de Maio de 2008 a Junho de 2012, por meio de uma extensa avaliação neuropsicológica incluindo testesde memória, linguagem, praxia, funções executivas, funções atencionais, Parkinsons Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire(PDQ-39) e Escala Hospitalar de depressão e ansiedade (HAD) na fase pré e pós-operatória. Nós analisamos os dadosusando o SPSS versão 17.0 e os resultados foram comparados através do teste pareado t-Student. Resultados: Houvemelhora estatisticamente significativa no escore total e nas dimensões de mobilidade, atividades de vida diária e bem estaremocional do PDQ-39 (P=0,009, 0,025, 0,001 e 0,034, respectivamente). Diferenças significativas não foram encontradasna bateria cognitiva e nem na escala de humor. Conclusão: DBS em SNT melhorou a qualidade de vida nos pacientes com DP sem trazer impacto negativo nas funções cognitivas e humor.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease , Quality of Life , Subthalamic Nucleus , Deep Brain Stimulation
11.
Suma psicol ; 18(2): 89-98, jul.-dic. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-657174

ABSTRACT

La enfermedad de Parkinson es una patología neurodegenerativa causada por la pérdida de células dopaminergicas en la sustancia negra mesencefálica. Esto produce una disfunción de los núcleos basales que se manifiesta con síntomas motores como temblor, rigidez y bradicinecia, entre otros. Con la estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) ha resurgido la cirugía como opción terapéutica y es el núcleo subtalámico el área diana predilecta. Los estudios muestran mejoras significativas en los déficits motores, pero no hay claridad sobre los cambios neuropsicológicos de los pacientes sometidos a ECP. Se hace una revisión de los diferentes estudios que han investigado los cambios cognitivos, emocionales y comportamentales, concluyendo que la mayoría de habilidades cognitivas se mantienen o mejoran después de la ECP, pero pueden existir cambios emocionales y comportamentales adversos que están relacionadas con el núcleo cerebral donde se implanta el electrodo y con las características premorbidas de personalidad.


Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder attributable to midbrain dopaminergic cell loss within the substantia nigra. This causes a dysfunction of the basal ganglia manifested by motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia among others. With Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), neurosurgery has emerged as a therapeutic option, being the subthalamic nucleus its main target area. Studies show significant improvement in motor deficits, but there is no knowledge on the neuropsychological changes in patients after DBS. A review of several studies that have researched the cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes concluded that most cognitive skills are either maintained or improved after DBS, but there may be adverse emotional and behavioral changes that are related to the core brain where the electrode is implanted and with its premorbid personality characteristics.

12.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 49(1): 62-68, mar. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-592066

ABSTRACT

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common causes of neurological disability, it caused by selective loss of neurons at the substantia nigra, which causes an imbalance in the functioning of the basal ganglia. In the pathophysiological events underlying this disease, hyperactivity of the subthalamic nucleus is more often associated with major clinical manifestations; this structure also plays a fundamental role in motor control, making it an excellent surgical target.


La enfermedad de Parkinson es una de las causas más frecuentes de discapacidad neurológica, se produce por la pérdida selectiva de neuronas a nivel de la sustancia nigra, lo que genera un desbalance en el funcionamiento de los ganglios basales. De los eventos fisiopatológicos subyacentes en esta enfermedad, la hiperactividad del núcleo Subtalámico es el que más se relaciona con las principales manifestaciones clínicas, además esta estructura juega un papel fundamental en el control motor, lo que la convierte en una excelente diana quirúrgica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Parkinson Disease/physiopathology , Subthalamic Nucleus/surgery , Subthalamic Nucleus/physiopathology , Basal Ganglia , Parkinson Disease/surgery
13.
Rev. chil. neurocir ; 29: 29-35, oct. 2007. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-585696

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La estimulación cerebral del núcleo subtalámico es un método eficaz y en expansión para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson. Aunque se trata de un procedimiento poco invasivo puede presentar complicaciones quirúrgicas y efectos secundarios indeseables. Método: entre marzo de 2001 y diciembre de 2006, hemos implantado 208 electródos subtalámicos en 100 pacientes afectados de enfermedad de Parkinson, en el Hospital Clínico de Santiago de Compostela. Se revisan las complicaciones quirúrgicas y mecánicas o de hardware presentadas tanto durante la cirugía como en el seguimiento que osciló entre 6 y 63 meses (media 27 meses). No hubo fallecimientos ni se perdió el control de ningún paciente. Resultados: se presentaron 20 complicaciones quirúrgicas en los 100 pacientes (20 por ciento) y 9 complicaciones mecánicas (9 por ciento). Las complicaciones quirúrgicas más habituales fueron 8 casos de malposición o migración de los electródos, 5 casos de infección, 3 hemorragias subcorticales y 3 episodios convulsivos. Entre las complicaciones mecánicas se presentaron 7 episodios de disfunción de la batería y 2 casos de ruptura del electródo. Conclusiones: la estimulación cerebral profunda es un tratamiento a largo plazo que requiere de controles continuados. Las complicaciones quirúrgicas y de hardware no suponen un riesgo vital importante sin embargo tienen un coste económico importante.


Introducction: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation for patients with medically refractory Parkinson disease is expanding. Although nonablative and minimally invasive, this procedure may give rise to many surgical complications and side effects. Methods: from March 2001 to December 2006, 208 subthalamic stimulator devices were implanted in 100 patients with Parkinson disease at Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). The author prospectively documented surgical and hardware complications occurring at the time of surgery and at subsequent neurologic and surgical evaluations for an average of 27 months, ranging from 6 to 63 months. No patients were lost to follow-up or died. Results: There were 20 adverse events related to surgery in 100 patients (20 percent)and 9 hardware-related complications (9 percent). The most important surgical complications were 8 electrodes migration or malposition, 5 infections, 3 subcortical haemorrhages and 3 seizures whereas the hardware complications were 7 stimulator malfunction and 2 electrode breakages. Conclusions: Deep brain stimulation is a life-long therapy that requires a life-long follow-up. Complications due to surgery or hardware are not life-threatening but are expensive in economic terms and in terms of patients suffering.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Parkinson Disease/surgery , Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/therapy , Deep Brain Stimulation/adverse effects , Deep Brain Stimulation , Spain , Subthalamic Nucleus
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